Latitudinal, altitude and topographical effects of mountain on meteorological elements; Circulation systems related to orography, mountain and valley winds; Climatic characteristics of mountains, energy budgets, cloudiness, precipitation, evaporation, fog, lightening, snow avalanches and valley air pollution; some case studies, the equatorials mountains of New Guina, the Himalayas, sub- tropical desert mountains, the Rocky and the Alps. General properties of mountain perturbations, adiabatic meso-scale perturbations in a straight atmospheric flow, adiabatic synoptic scale perturbations, computation, of the dissipation of mechanical energy resulting from a mountain perturbation, modelling aspects of mountain waves, mountain generated momentum fluxes, theory of linear gravity waves, orographic gravity-wave drag, its parameterisation and influence in general circulation models.
Text/Reference Books:
1. C David Whiteman: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, OUP USA
2. Fotini K. Chow, Stephan F.J. De Wekker and Bradley J. Snyder, Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting: Recent Progress and Current Challenges; Springer Atmospheric Sciences |