| Granular materials: the    fourth state of matter, industrial importance, granular statics and flow, antiparticle forces,    discrete and continuum models, balance laws, fluid–particle interaction,    yield conditions, shear stress, yield surfaces, flow rules, equation for    plane flow, theory for steady and plane flow, effect of wall roughness, exit    condition, smooth wall and radial gravity problem for compressible flow,    constitutive equations involving a yield condition for slow three-dimensional    flow, constitutive equations that do not involve a yield condition,    introduction to rapid flow: theory for rapid flow of smooth, inelastic    particles, model for inelastic collisions, thermodynamic description of rapid    granular flows, kinetic theory for a granular gas of smooth inelastic    particles.
 
 Texts / Reference Books:
 
        K. KesavaRao and Prabhu         R Nott, An introduction to granular flows |